Literature Articles

This searchable database contains bibliographic information for literature (research-based and policy/practice) relating to dispute resolution in special education.

CADRE is interested in identifying additional articles and publications to include in this database. If you are aware of other such resources, please send an email to cadre@directionservice.org with as much information as possible about the resource (e.g., title, author, source, date), and include a copy of the publication or a URL link, if available. Interested in emerging research and knowledge gaps in IDEA dispute resolution?

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A comparison of parents who initiated due process hearings and complaints in Maine.

This study explored the differences between parents who had initiated hearings and complaints and their perceptions of the processes. A document review, structured telephone interview, and focus group meetings were used to gather data. The subjects were 29 parents who had initiated complains and 31...Learn more

A Longitudinal Study of Special Education Due Process Hearings in Massachusetts: Issues, Representation, and Student Characteristics

[Abstract] "Of the three formal dispute resolution procedures provided by the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act of 2004 (IDEA), due process hearings are the most costly in terms of time, fiscal resources, and impact on relationships between school personnel and parents. This study...Learn more

A look at variables affecting parent satisfaction with IEP meetings.

A study examined the influence of professional etiquette, procedural factors, demographic factors, and child eligibility code factors on parent satisfaction with Individualized Education Programs (IEPs). Surveys and interviews were conducted with 207 parents in the Southwest border region whose...Learn more

A National Picture of Parent and Youth Participation in IEP and Transition Planning Meetings

[Abstract} Two prospective longitudinal studies of nationally representative samples of students with disabilities—the Special Education Elementary Longitudinal Study and the National Longitudinal Transition Study–2—are used to provide a broad look at the participation of parents of 11- through 19-...Learn more

A Study of Factors that Contribute to Conflicts in Special Education between Parents and Schools: A Validation of Lake and Billingsley's Theory

[Abstract] This quantitative research conducted in Southern California validated Lake and Billingsley’s (2000) Grounded Theory regarding factors causing conflicts in special education. This study found that discrepant views of a child or child’s needs, knowledge, service delivery, constraints,...Learn more

Adjudicative Remedies for Denials of FAPE under the IDEA

This article analyzes cases in which courts or hearing officers have found that a child has been denied free and appropriate public education. The two most commonly-ordered remedies were reimbursement of tuition, and compensatory education. The author engages six questions: (1) What is the relative...Learn more

ADR: To be or…?

Article analyzes success of mediation, arbitration, summary jury trials in general. Most studies cited did not relate to special ed mediation but might be useful to inform methodology of future studies. Article reports some data on special ed mediations, finding higher correlation with parental...Learn more

An Examination of Special Education Due Process Hearings

[Abstract] Due process is a key dispute resolution feature approved by Congress in accordance with the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act, whose goal is to facilitate resolution and minimize conflict. Nonetheless, despite 35 years of use, due process has become a difficult emotional and...Learn more

An Exploration of the Dynamics and Collaboration within IEP Teams

[abstract] The Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEIA) (2004) mandates the establishment of an educational team that convenes once a year if not more to review and adjust each exceptional student’s Individualized Education Program (IEP). There are a variety of social and...Learn more

Analysis of mediation and hearings to resolve parent-school disputes in special education.

Until recently, special education parent-school disputes in New Jersey were resolved using formal hearing procedures. Participant dissatisfaction with formal hearings has led to the use of an alternative form of dispute resolution, that is mediation. <P> The purpose of this study was to...Learn more

Analysis of Special Education Mediations in Texas, 2006-08

The purpose of this study was to explore variables which might influence the frequency of Texas special education mediations used for dispute resolution. Variables such as district size, location, economic level, and the State Accountability Rating were investigated and evaluated. In order to...Learn more

Are published IDEA hearing officer decisions representative?

The authors of this study examined published hearing officer decisions under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act to determine whether they were representative of the frequency and outcomes for the larger group consisting of published decisions and the much greater number of unpublished...Learn more

Are the Outcomes of Hearing (and Review) Officer Decisions Different for Pro Se and Represented Parents?

This article reviews thirty-five years of administrative decisions, seeking to understand any differences between families who were represented by attorneys at the hearing and families who were not. Significant differences were found, and the author notes that this correlation does not confirm...Learn more

Assessing the Quality of Parent-Teacher Relationships for Students with ADHD

[Abstract] Family involvement in education, including the quality of family–school communication, has been demonstrated repeatedly to have a substantial effect on child development and success in school; however, measures of this construct are limited. The purpose this study was to examine the...Learn more

Beyond the Dotted Line: Empowering Parents From Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Families to Participate

Parent participation in the Individualized Education Program (IEP) process is a critical factor in improving the effectiveness of children’s special education programs and services. However, many families, particularly those from culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) backgrounds, are...Learn more

Challenges in Interpreting Accountability Results for Schools’ Facilitation of Parent Involvement Under IDEA

[abstract] Parents’ involvement in their child’s education has been an important tenet of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Under the special education accountability system that went into effect in 2005, states have been required to report annually to the federal government on the...Learn more

Challenges Providing Services to K-12 English Learners and Students with Disabilities during COVID-19

Due to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, almost all school districts rapidly shifted to distance learning in spring of the 2019-2020 school year. This shift laid bare both the logistical and instructional challenges of distance learning, particularly for English learners and...Learn more

Changing patterns of parent–teacher communication and parent involvement from preschool to school

[Abstract] This study investigated the nature of parent involvement and parent–educator communication in prior-to-school early childhood settings and school, to explore relations to social capital variables and consistencies and changes in practices over time. Parent interview and teacher...Learn more

Characteristics and outcomes of special education hearing and review officer cases.

In this article the authors analyzed 347 special education cases from Pennsylvania. These cases, drawn from a 16-year period, included decisions made at both the due process level and the appeals level. The authors’ examination identified three variables that were significantly related to due...Learn more

Claims, barriers, and satisfaction.

This article explores the issue of requests for additional special education services. In their study, the authors identified which parents of children who receive special education services make claims for additional related services; the barriers these parents report facing in obtaining such...Learn more

Comorbidity of LD and ADHD: Implications of DSM-5 for Assessment and Treatment

[abstract] Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and learning disability (LD) can co-occur for a significant minority of children with each disorder. A total of 17 studies (2001–2011) examining ADHD-LD comorbidity were reviewed, revealing a higher mean comorbidity rate (45.1%) than has...Learn more

Complaint Procedure Systems Under the IDEA: A State-by-State Survey

Compliance and Practices in Transition Planning: A Review of Individualized Education Program Documents

Abstract: This study examined the extent to which transition components of students’ Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) were compliant with IDEIA 2004; the extent to which transition components provided evidence of best practices; the association among disability, ethnicity, compliance, and...Learn more

Conflict management in early intervention: Procedural safeguards and mediation.

A study of state Part H coordinators investigated conflict management in early-intervention systems. Results found that 41 state agencies have already established a formal statewide mediation option for resolution of disputes related to Part H between families of infants and young children and...Learn more

Conflict resolution: Preparing preservice special educators to work in collaborative settings.

Collaborative practice to provide effective programs for students with special needs and their families has increased with many positive results. But as this collaborative practice increases, so does the potential for conflict. Constructive conflict resolution occurs when disputants have knowledge...Learn more

Literature Articles

Type

Filter by Process

Sphere

Program Measure

Intended Audience

Specific Emphasis

Format Access

A comparison of parents who initiated due process hearings and complaints in Maine.

A Longitudinal Study of Special Education Due Process Hearings in Massachusetts: Issues, Representation, and Student Characteristics

A look at variables affecting parent satisfaction with IEP meetings.

A National Picture of Parent and Youth Participation in IEP and Transition Planning Meetings

A Study of Factors that Contribute to Conflicts in Special Education between Parents and Schools: A Validation of Lake and Billingsley's Theory

Adjudicative Remedies for Denials of FAPE under the IDEA

ADR: To be or…?

An Examination of Special Education Due Process Hearings

An Exploration of the Dynamics and Collaboration within IEP Teams

Analysis of mediation and hearings to resolve parent-school disputes in special education.

Analysis of Special Education Mediations in Texas, 2006-08

Are published IDEA hearing officer decisions representative?

Are the Outcomes of Hearing (and Review) Officer Decisions Different for Pro Se and Represented Parents?

Assessing the Quality of Parent-Teacher Relationships for Students with ADHD

Beyond the Dotted Line: Empowering Parents From Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Families to Participate

Challenges in Interpreting Accountability Results for Schools’ Facilitation of Parent Involvement Under IDEA

Challenges Providing Services to K-12 English Learners and Students with Disabilities during COVID-19

Changing patterns of parent–teacher communication and parent involvement from preschool to school

Characteristics and outcomes of special education hearing and review officer cases.

Claims, barriers, and satisfaction.

Comorbidity of LD and ADHD: Implications of DSM-5 for Assessment and Treatment

Complaint Procedure Systems Under the IDEA: A State-by-State Survey

Compliance and Practices in Transition Planning: A Review of Individualized Education Program Documents

Conflict management in early intervention: Procedural safeguards and mediation.

Conflict resolution: Preparing preservice special educators to work in collaborative settings.

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